A new Chinese law aimed at promoting “ethnic unity” is triggering concern in Australia, with human rights groups warning it could be used to target activists, students and members of ethnic minority communities living overseas.

The legislation, due to take effect on July 1, allows Chinese authorities to pursue individuals outside the country accused of undermining China’s ethnic unity or promoting separatism.

The Australian Government says it has formally raised concerns with Beijing, warning that the law could have implications for freedom of expression and the rights of people living beyond China’s borders. Officials stressed that everyone in Australia is protected under Australian law and enjoys the country’s democratic freedoms.

Advocacy groups fear the legislation could discourage Australians and international students from speaking out on issues involving Tibet, Xinjiang, Hong Kong and other sensitive topics, citing concerns about possible cross-border intimidation.

China has defended the law, saying it is intended to safeguard national sovereignty, social stability and ethnic harmony, while insisting it targets only illegal separatist activities.

The new legislation has intensified international debate over human rights, free speech and the growing reach of China’s laws beyond its own borders.